Meet the Teacher

My name is Kathleen Jacono, and I am a second grade teacher at SMM.  My tenure here began in 1995 teaching Reading and English to seventh and eighth graders.  The following year, I transitioned to first grade, where I remained for 20 years.  This is my fifth year teaching second grade at SMM.  I truly love this age group and I feel very privileged to work alongside the children as they prepare to receive two sacraments.  I am an alumni of St. Mary Magdalen school which makes this nurturing environment feel like home.    

January 21, 2021
 

Dear Parents, 

There's a tight competition going on with our "Sock Drive"!  At this point the 2nd and 5th graders are neck and neck.  A big" Thank You" goes out to all parents who have so generously sent in donations for the needy in the Wilmington community.  One delivery has already been made.  

Plans are in place for Cathlolic Schools Week which begins on Monday, 2/1.  This celebration will look different this year as safety guidelines remain in place.  Second graders are asked to each bring in a carton or large bag of individually wrapped bags of chips, pretzels, popcorn etc.  to be used for brown bag lunches.  Thank you again for your constant support.  Please look for a CSW schedule of events in the school newletter.  Each day is designated to recognize all those who are part of our school community.  
 
Teachers are part of the nation wide effort to vaccinate essential workers.  My collegues and I are anxious to participate in the vacination process. We join our SMM community in prayer that our lives can resemble more "Normal" circumstances soon.  

The Snowpersons are truly fantastic!   This creative display is shared in our second grade hallway for others to enjoy.  We have also completed a flow chart, (graphic organizer), rough draft and, good copy of the persuasive essay to accompany this activity.  Look for photos to be shared on the SMM FB page.
 
To celebrate our differences as Americans, the students painted "Kindness Rocks" on Wednesday to celebrate Inauguration Day.  The objective was to reinforce respect, acceptance, and kindness as Americans.  These will be placed beneath the "B+ Tree".  Once again, look for photos to be shared by Mrs. DiSabatino.  

Look for Communion booklets inside your second grader's backpack. I would like to encourage all families to visit Mrs. Yasik's GC for information.  Thank you for your understanding and patience as plans for both Reconciliation and First Communion continue. 

   We have completed the first volume in our math series.  This book was sent home on Wednesday for extra practice and review in the future.  

All parents should continue to conduct the health screening each morning before leaving for school.  Thank you for reviewing proper mask wearing with your child.  I remind them often to pull their mask up over their nose.  

A few changes have been implemented to ensure safe health guidelines moving forward.  All desks are re-positioned allowing for space.  Backpacks and lunch boxes are kept in the hallway on designated spots. Students line up in the hallway when exiting the room for specials or recess. The children eat their lunch in the church hall so that they can easily spread out before removing their masks. (one child per table)  In addition, afternoon snack is a "grab and go" type of break.  We take our snack outside each day weather permitting.  Acceptable snacks ideas include: bag of pretzels, chips, packaged crackers etc.  We do not bring lunch boxes outside.  
 
All studens have received Login information for XtraMath, Prodigy, Epic, Freckle, Brain Pop, ABC Mouse, and Dreamscrape in folders or taped inside homework organizers. Look for the new "Mrs. Jacono's Extra Resource Virtual Classroom" with the images and links available in one place. I have also included a link for AR so that children can use the book finder and take AR quizzes at home. This is available to all on my Google Classroom.  Click on the classwork tab.

The first rotation of STAR testing was completed in early October. Please note that STAR is used to identify both strengths and weaknesses.  Teachers use the information to guide instruction and support the needs of their students. Students who score in red, (at risk) or yellow, (intervention) qualify for support in the Aquinas Center.  A score in the blue zone, (on watch), encourages a teacher to more closely monitor student progress in the homeroom.  Green indicates grade level or above.  
 
 This year our school theme is "Called to Serve".  Each month we will be focusing on a different Corporal Work of Mercy.  During the month of January, we will share ways to "Clothe the Naked". I will keep you informed throughout the year of specials deeds as we reach out in our community and beyond.  WE WILL BE COLLECTING NEW SOCKS OF VARIOUS SIZES AS DONATIONS FOR THE MINISTRY OF CARING.  YOUR GENEROSITY IS GREATLY APPRECIATED.  Donations will be accepted through 2/5.  Whichever class brings in the most socks wins a free tag day and ice cream treat.  

 
Thank you for all you do,
Kathy   
 

2A Reminders and General Information 

1. Please take the time to review the SMM weekly newsletter. It is also linked to my Extra Resouce Virtual Classroom.  My own webpage is available by clicking on the apple.  

2. Look for the maroon Friday folder to come home each weekend.  Please send any office, or dismissal forms in this folder. 

3. Please please please make sure you label your child's belongings including fleese, sweater, and sweatshirts.  My room gets very cool.  Each child should have their sweater or sweatshirt daily. Children should always have the appropriate outerwear for walking to lunch and playing outdoors.  

4.. Your second grader needs to be very independent.  Children should be able to tie their own shoes,  and open their own snack/lunch containers. 

5.  Virtual "Week at a Glance" will be available through the Google Classroom Homepage by Sunday evening each week.  Links are embedded in this document, but you can also print and post a hard copy so that working parents can incorporate the pacing and complete assignments in a way that works best for personal schedules.   Special teachers have created their own Google Classroom for Virtual students.  
 
6. Look for the homework binder to come home each day that your child is in the building.  It will contain the homework organizer and green folder.  Please sign the organizer daily and check the contents of the folder.   
 
 7. Please scroll down this page to see each subject including the Essential Questions, Vocabulary, and Concepts/Strategies/Skills that are being studied.  Bolded information is what will be covered currently.  

8.  All Students will be participating in STAR Reading and Math this year.  These tests are not read to the students as they were in the first grade Early Literacy Format.   Children are encouraged to try their best and to manage their time.  These scores are not factored into trimester grades,   but are available to guide instruction and monitor individual progress. STAR Reports will be sent home to parents.  


 

2A Specials Schedule
 

Monday- Art
Tuesday- Gym
Wednesday- Library
Thursday-Music
Friday-Spanish and Technology


 

Week of January 25th

Monday, 1/25- Art; Begin lesson 16 in our reading series.  Please refer to the skills and word lists below. 

Tuesday, 1/26- Gym

Wednesday, 1/27- Library 

Thursday, 1/28 Music

Friday, 1/29- Spanish and Technology; Lesson 15 assessments; INDIVIDUAL SNACK BAGS/BOXES ARE DUE TO SCHOOL.   

MATH:  The bolded chapter is the concept we are currently studying. 

Chapter 1 Apply Addition and Subtraction Concepts
Essential Question: What Strategies can I use to add and subtract? 

Chapter 2 Number Patterns
Essential Question: How can equal groups help me to add? 

Chapter 3 Add Two Digit Numbers
Essential Question:  How can I add two digit numbers? 

Chapter 4 Subtract Two Digit Numbers 
Essential Question:  How can I subtract two-digit numbers?   

Chapter 5:  Place Value
Essential Question:   How can I use place value?  
Vocabulary:  compare, digit, equal to, expanded form, greater than, hundreds, less than, ones, place value, tens, thousand

Chapter 6 : Add Three digit numbers 
Essential Question: How Can I add three digit numbers? 

Chapter 7: Subtract Three Digit Numbers
Essential Question: How can I subtract three digit numbers? 

Chapter 8   Money: 
Essential Question:  How do I count and use money? 
Vocabulary:  cent, dime, dollar, penny, quarter, nickel, $


Chapter 9 Data Analysis
Essential Question:  How can I record and analyze data? 
Vocabulary:  bar graph, data, key, line plot, picture graph, survey, symbol, tally mark,


Chapter 10; Time
E.Q.; How do I use and tell time?
Vocabulary:  a.m., analog clock, digital clock, half hour, hour, hour hand, minute, minute hand, p.m., quarter hour

Chapter 11:  Customary and Metric Length 
E.Q.  How can I measure objects? 
Vocabulary: centimeter, estimate, foot, inch, length, measure, meter, yard

Chapter 12:  Geometric Shapes and Equal Parts 
E.Q.: How do I use shapes and equal parts?
Vocabulary:  angle, cone, cube, cylinder, edge, face, fourths, halves, hexagon, parallelogram, partition, pentagon

Please look for words lists for each lesson below.  The lists studied each week will be bolded.  

WEEK OF 1/25/21
Lesson 15 - Officer Buckle and Gloria; Safety at Home
EQ- Why is it important to follow safety rules? 
Comprehension- Cause and Effect; Humor
Vocabulary- Root Words
Spelling and Phonics- Compound words
Grammar- Abbreviations
Writing- Persuasive Essay 

Unit 1 Word Lists
High Frequency Words
Lesson 1- around, be, five, help, next, or, pull, take, until, walked
Lesson 2- brings, children, come, do, family, like, make, those, use. with
Lesson 3- city, full, no, other, places, put, school, sing, think, this
Lesson 4- by, cheer, could, hello, hundred, mind, play, read, use, today
Lesson 5- both, cold, eat, find, green, little, long, says, table, we

Target Vocabulary
Lesson 1- curly, straight, floppy, collars, drooled, weighed, stood, row
Lesson 2- remembered, porch, crown, cousin, spend, stuck, visit, piano
Lesson 3- hairy, mammals, litter, stayed, canned, chews, clipped, coat
Lesson 4- insects, dangerous, scare, sticky, rotten, screaming, breeze, judge
Lesson 5- wonderful. noises, quiet, sprinkled, share, notice, bursting, suddenly

Spelling Words
Lesson 1- sad, dig, jam, glad, list, win, flat, if, fix, rip, kit, mask, as, his, sandwich, picnic
Lesson 2- wet, job, hug, rest, spot, mud, left, help, plum, nut, net, hot, get, not lunch, spend
Lesson 3- cake, mine, plate, size, ate, grape, prize, wipe, race, line, pile, rake, gave, bike, mistake, while
Lesson 4- doze, nose, use, rose, pole, close, cute, woke, mule, rode, role, tune, home. joke, wrote, ice cube
Lesson 5- spin, clap, grade, swim, place, last, test, skin, drag, glide, just, stage, slip, drive, climb, price

Unit 2 Word Lists
High Frequency Words 
Lesson  6- animals, bear, know most, myself, second, she, sleep, three, work
Lesson 7 air, car, cried, funny, he, pictures, pretty, told, try, window
Lesson 8- before, eye, few, happy, high, my, open, people, starts, yellow
Lesson 9- afraid, dark, for, kept, many, might, own, show, why, would
Lesson 10- because, better, go, me, old, really, right, they, was, you

Target Vocabulary
Lesson 6- shaped, branches, pond, beaks, deepest, break, hang, winding
Lesson 7- blooming, shovels, scent, tough, wrinkled, plain, muscles, nodded
Lesson 8- beware, damage, bend, flash, pounding, prevent, reach, equal
Lesson 9- tunnel, curled, height, direction, toward, healed, brag, tease.
Lesson 10-millions, choices, drift, simple, weaker, wrapped, disgusting, decide

Spelling Words. 
Lesson 6 -next, end, camp, sank, sing, drink, hunt, stand, long, stamp, pond, bring, jump, left, young, friend
Lesson 7- dress, spell, class, full, add, neck, stuck, kick, rock, black, trick, doll, will, off, across, pocket
Lesson 8- dish, than, chest, such, thin, push, shine, chase, white, while, these, flash, which, then, catch, thumb
Lesson 9- liked, using, riding, chased, spilled, making, closed, hoping, baked, hiding, standing, asked, mixed, sleeping, teasing, knocking
Lesson 10-  I'm, don't, isn't can't we'll, it's, I've, didn't, you're, that's, wasn't, you've, us, them, they're, wouldn't  

Unit 3 Word Lists
High Frequency 
Lesson 11: another, far, grow, hard, heard, kind, light, more, some, to
Lesson 12:  against, along, bird, different, girl, hold, moving, night, part, someone
Lesson 13: about, everything, first, her, of, slowly, store, story, two, world
Lesson 14: all, food, front, hair, never, party, sky, started, stories, warm, 
Lesson 15: after, book, care, ever, live, new, off, over, small thought

Target Vocabulary
Lesson 11: understand, gathered, impatient, impossible, believe, problem, demand, furious
Lesson 12:  vibration, tune, volume, expression, creative, performance, concentrate, relieved
Lesson 13: culture, community, languages, wear, subjects, lessons, special, transportation
Lesson 14:  knowledge, curious, motion, silence, illness, imitated, darkness, behavior, 
Lesson 15: obeys, safety, attention, buddy, station, speech, shocked, enormous. 

Spelling Words
Lesson 11: hens, eggs, ducks, bikes, boxes, wishes, dresses, names, bells, stamps, dishes, grapes, jets, frogs, stitches, fences
Lesson 12: pay, wait, paint, train, pail, clay, tray, plain, stain, hay, gray, away, stay, day, raisin, birthday
Lesson 13:  free, teach, teeth, please, beach, wheel, team, speak, sneeze, sheep, meaning, weave, eat, read, between, reason, about, first, world, slowly
Lesson 14: own, most, soap, float, both, know. loan, goat, flow, loaf, throw, coach, so, grow, swallow, ocean, started, stories, sky, party
Lesson 15:  cannot, pancake, maybe, baseball, playground, someone, myself, classroom, sunshine, outside, upon, nothing, into, inside, nobody, everywhere, off, new, after, over

 Unit 4

High Frequency Words

Lesson 16:  also, fly, gone, have, horse, look, river, said, saw, something
Lesson 17:  any, blue, carry, doing, else, room, studied, sure, teacher, turned
Lesson 18:  always, anything, been, draw, friends, mother, soon, under, watch, words.  
Lesson 19:  are, baby, didn't, good, I'll, is, please, sound, talk, too
Lesson 20:  I've, begins, being, flower, ground, laugh, ready, stood, tall, very

Target Vocabulary

Lesson 16:  received, account, budget, fund, chuckled, staring, repeated, disappointed
Lesson 17:  practice, hurried, position, roared, extra, curb, cheered, final
Lesson 18:  accepted, express, taught, grand, pretend, prize, wonder, fluttering
Lesson 19:  assistant, agreed, polite, failed, tearing, wisdom, cleared, trouble
Lesson 20:  depended, sore, sprang, studied, gazing, hero, exercise, overlooked

Spelling Words

Lesson 16:  running, clapped, stopped, hopping, batted, selling, pinned, cutting, sitting, rubbed, missed, grabbed, mixed, going, wrapped, swelling, gone, saw, said, something
Lesson 17:  night, kind, spy, child, light, find, right, high, wild, July, fry, sigh, by, why, behind, lightning, sure, studied, carry, teacher
Lesson 18:  happy, pretty, baby, very, puppy, funny, carry, lucky, only, sunny, penny, city, tiny, many, sorry, noisy, friends, always, draw, been
Lesson 19:  car, dark, arm, star, park, yard, party, hard, farm, start, part, spark, art, jar, carpet, apartment, please, sound, didn't, I'll
Lesson 20-horn, story, fork. score, store, corn, morning, shore, short, born, tore, forget, for, more, report, force, 

UNIT 5

High Frequency Words

Lesson 21:  across, behind, house, how, move, nothing, one, out, took, voice.

Lesson 22:  boy, does, everyone, field, floor, found, into, their, toward, what’s

Lesson 23:  coming, down, four, give, great, idea, knew, large, though, write,

Lesson 24:  away, began, brother, brown, earth, here, listening, surprised, there, without

Lesson 25:  ball, done, hear, learn, leaves, only, our, through, were, young

Target Vocabulary

 Lesson 21:  webbed, waterproof, steer, whistle, otherwise, junior, slippery, finally

Lesson 22:  knot, copy, planning, lonely, heavily, seriously, answered, guessed

TRADE BOOK POLAR BEARS: Arctic, cub, den, lemming, tundra, dart, heaves, shrinking, survive, extinct, fierce

Lesson 23:  yarn, stands, spinning, dye, weave, sharpening, duplicated, delicious

Lesson 24:  tumbling, flung, tangled, empty, swift, peacefully, stream, blazed

Lesson 25:  pod, soak, shoot, root, nutrition, tasty, soften, grain

Spelling Words

Lesson 21:  father, over, under, herd, water, verb, paper, cracker, offer, cover, germ, master, fern, across, voice, hours, behind, across, voice, house, behind

Lesson 22:  meet, meat, week, weak, mane, main, tail, tale, be, bee, too, two, sea, see, threw, through, does, their, toward, what's

TRADE BOOK: Arctic, cub, den, extinct, fierce, fur, heaves, helpless, ice, island, lemming, nibble, ruffle, seaweed, sniffs, snow, survive, tumbles, tundra, twitch

Lesson 23:  helpful, sadly, hopeful, thankful, slowly, wishful, kindly, useful, safely, painful, mouthful, weakly, jumped, saying, quickly, wonderful, four, knew, though, write

Lesson 24:  unhappy, retell, untangle, unkind, repaint, refill, unlike, remake, unpack, reread, unlock, replay, read, happy, rewrite, overheard, brothers, here, surprised, there

Lesson 25:  tall, saw, dog, draw, call, fall, soft, paw, ball, yawn, log, small, all, walk, awful, wallpaper, done, leaves, our, were

UNIT 6

High Frequency Words 

Lesson 26:   again, ago, alone, don’t, every, follow, goes, head now, won’t.

Lesson 27:  buy, called , even, father, maybe, outside, tomorrow, town, water, where

Lesson 28:  above, enough, falling, happened, lived, loved, should, sorry, want, while.

Lesson 29:  eight, near, once, paper, seven, upon, wash, who, woman, your

Lesson 30:  almost, dear, door, from, money, pushed, remember, sometimes, together, years.

Target Words

Lesson 26:   ordinary, control, cage, upset, sensible, confused, training, suspiciously

Lesson 27:  exact, discovered, remove, growled, amazed, explained, guard, souvenirs.

Lesson 28:  served, overjoyed, valuable, worn, concealed, glimmering, content, task

Lesson 29:  search, contained, startled, odd, leaned, tossed, grateful, village

Lesson 30:  inventions, remarkable, designed, amounts, accomplishments, achieve, composed, result.

Spelling Words

Lesson 26:  root, crew, spoon, few, bloom, grew, room, you, stew, boost, scoop, flew, zoo, noon, shampoo, balloon, again, don't, goes, won't

Novel:  Toasty, happier, snuggled, dream, chew, frighten, bedroom, growled, cookies, snout, hoof, department, yard, shout, best, driveway, upstairs, boom, couch, house

Lesson 27:  took, books, foot, hoof, cook, nook, hood, wood, stood, shook, crook, cookbook, look, good, crooked and bookcase, buy,  where, tomorrow, water

Lesson 28:  cow house, town, shout, down, mouse, found, loud, brown, ground, pound, flower, out, now, towel, pounce, above, enough, should, want

Lesson 29:  aim, snail, bay, braid, ray, always, gain, sly, chain, shy, bright, fright, tray, try, contain, thigh.

Lesson 30:  seated, keeps, speed, seen, means, clean, groan, roast, bowls, crow, owe, grown, green, snow, peace, below, almost, dear, money, pushed

This Year's Theme: Called to Serve
Corporal Works of Mercy
January- Clothe the Naked

Chapter 1: Jesus is the Son of God
Key Words: Holy Family, Divine, Blessed Trinity

Chapter 2: Jesus Christ Gives us the Church
Key Words: disciples, apostles, resurrection, church

Chapter 3: We celebrate God's Love
Key Words:  Catholics, parishes, faith, worship, sacrament 

Chapter 9:  God gives us His Laws
Key Words:  commandments, Great Commandment, Ten Commandments 

Chapter 10:  We Follow God's Laws
Key words:  free will, sin, mortal sin, venial sin, mercy

Chapter 11: We Prepare for the Sacrament of Forgiveness
Key Words: Penance and Reconciliation, conscience 

Chapter 25;  We Honor Mary and the Saints; 
Key Words:  Saints, procession

Chapter 12:  We Celebrate the Sacrament of Forgiveness
Key Words:  Contrition, Confession,, A Penance, Absolution 

Catholic Identity:  Morality:  Peace and Reconciliation

Chapter 6: The Church Year

Chapter 7:  Ordinary Time

Chapter 4:  Baptism;  
Key Words:  Grace, Original Sin, Baptism

Chapter 5: Confirmation 

Chapter 13 Advent

Our Lady of Guadalupe
 
Chapter 14; Christmas

 Chapter 8:  We Learn about God's Love:
Key Words: Bible, Old Testament, New Testament Gospels

Chapter 15  We Celebrate God's Love
Key words: Mass, Last Supper, communion

Chapter 16 We Gather for the Celebration of the Eucharist
Key Words: Assembly 

Chapter 17  We Celebrate the Liturgy of the Word
Key Words; Liturgy of the Word; Psalm, Homily 

Chapter 18  We Celebrate the Liturgy of the Eucharist 
Key Words:  Liturgy of the Eucharist, Eucharistic prayer

Chapter 20:  Lent 

Chapter 19: We Go in Peace to Share God's Love
Key Words: Blessed Sacrament, Tabernacle
Catholic Identify Retreat Booklet:  Liturgy of the Sacraments 

Chapter 21:  Three Days

Chapter 27:  Easter

Chapter 22:  God Calls us to Love and Serve
E.Q. What can we do to love and serve God? 
Key Words:  Called by God

Chapter 23:  The Church Lives Today
EQ  How does the church live and grow today?
Key Words:  pastor, bishop, diocese, pope

Chapter 24:  We Pray
E.Q.  What are some ways to pray and worship God?
Key Words:  prayer, temple

Chapter 26: We Show Love and Respect
Key Words: New Commandment

Catholic Identity- Creed
Catholic identity - Liturgy and Sacraments 

THE BOLDED UNIT IS CURRENTLY BEING STUDIED
Unit 1: Work  Like a Scientist

Big Idea:  Scientists ask questions about the world around them.  They find answers by investigating through many methods.

Vocabulary: inquiry skills, science tools, thermometer, investigate, hypothesis, draw conclusions, communicate

Unit 2: Technology in our World

Big Idea: Engineers use a process to design new technology to meet human needs. Technology affects our everyday life and can affect the environment around us.  

Vocabulary:  engineer, design process, technology and environment 

Unit 3: All About Animals

Big Idea: There are many kinds of animals.  Animals need certain things to live and grow.  Fossils help us learn about animals that lived long ago.  

Vocabulary: Shelter, survive, lungs, gill, mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish, insect, life cycle, reproduce, tadpole, larva, pupa, metamorphosis, dinosaur, extinct, fossil

Unit 4:   All About Plants

Big Idea:  All plants need certain things to live and grow. Plants have parts that help them grow and change. 

Vocabulary:  Basic needs, nutrients, flower, seed, pollen, seed, seedling, germinate, cone

Unit 5 :  Environments for Living Things

Big Idea: Living things meet their needs in their environments.  Environments change over time.  

Vocabulary:  environment, food chain, pollen, adaptation, resource

Unit 7: All About Weather
Big Idea: Weather changes from day to day and from season to season. 

Vocabulary: weather, temperature, precipitation, wind, weather pattern, water cycle, evaporate, condense, season, irrigate, hibernate, tornado, hurricane, lightning, thunderstorm

Unit 8:  The Solar System
Big Idea: Earth is a planet in our solar system. Changes happen on earth and in the sky from day to night.  

Vocabulary:  planet, solar system, orbit, star, constellation, rotate.  

Unit 6:  Earth and It's Resources
 Big Idea: Changes can occur to the earth's surface.  People need earth's resources like rocks, plants, and water. 

Vocabulary: earthquake, volcano, flood, weathering, erosion, drought, natural resources, products. 

Unit 9:  Changes in Matter
Big Idea:  Matter can have different properties.  Matter can be a solid, liquid, or gas.  The properties of matter can change.  
Vocabulary:  matter, property, mass, volume, solid, liquid, gas, water vapor, condensation, evaporation 

Unit 10:  Energy and  Magnets
E.Q. What is energy?  What are Magnets?  How strong is a Magnet? 

Vocabulary:  energy, sound, heat, light, vibrate, pitch, loudness, magnet, pole, repel, attract. 

THE BOLDED CHAPTER/UNIT IS CURRENTLY BEING STUDIED

Unit 1: Where We Live
Vocabulary- vote, law, rural, capital, community, history, urban, suburb  
The children are exploring Our Country, Continent and a map of the world.  


Unit 2  Our Earth
Vocabulary:  geography, landform, ancestor, producer, consumer, natural resource, crop, conservation 

Unit 3: Working Together
Vocabulary:  income, goods, servces, tax, factory, trade, transportation, barter

Unit 4: Our Country Today
Vocabulary: government, mayor, citizen, governor, congress, president, freedom, motto, monument

Unit 5:  Our Country Long Ago
Vocabulary: Shelter, tradition, explorer, colony, colonist, independence, pioneer

Unit 6:  People and Places in History
E.Q. Why is it important to study people and places in the past?
Vocabulary: immigrants, holiday, custom, landmark, artifact, invention, communication